The Failure of the Pony Express Communication System in America :: American America History

The Failure of the Pony Express Communication System in the StatesA race from the start, a rider jumped to the back of his fresh pony and bolted from the station, sweating and tired, but always knowing the mail must go through, the five-year-old boy spurred the pony on as the station keepers watched the dust rise under the feet of the United States fastest mail transport Genghis Khan is a good deal assign with the idea of a Pony Express, more however a relay and then a mail ser delinquency. He began the horse relay for provisions, using a station every 40 miles, then there was William Lightfoot Visscher, whos credited with working the mail into the idea. He was a rider from a Boston paper, and employ ponies to run for news (Bloss 13). And all the while the United States was growing, with it grew the demand for communication between east and west. Having received assurances that fast communication from the Missouri River to California would be well patronized, three early stageco ach men, Senator W.M. Gwin, Alexander Majors, and Daniel E. Phelps, made preparations for the inauguration of the new service. Six hundred broncos, especially chosen for fleetness, toughness, and endurance, were purchased. Seventy-five men, none of them calculation over one hundred and ten pounds, were engaged as riders, being selected on account of their bravery, their capacity for deprivation and their horsemanship, as well as for their shooter abilities and their knowledge of the craft and the manner of attack of the Indians (When 1). While the pony express founded the postal system and played a significant role in communication, it was unredeemed for failure, due to Indian warfare hazards on the trail and the economics, politics, and corruption within the system. Indian warfare presented a large amount of turmoil for the Pony Express. Wars often broke out between settlements, and tribes, causing hardships to the riders. Some Indian tribes believed there was magic in the mochi llas (leather pouches carrying the mail), which explained why the ponies they chose were so fast (Adams 86). More often then not, the wagon trains traveling west, would open fire on defenseless Indians, killing and wounding them, and creating more havoc for the express riders traveling from east to west and vice versa (Adams 88). More havoc and turmoil between the two groups was created when cases of slave labor were brought to light.

Essay on the Myths of the African American Woman in Song of Solomon :: Song Solomon essays

Defying the Myths of the Afri endure the Statesn Woman in Song of Solomon Throughout slavery, myths were created that tainted the image of the African American woman. These myths promote the misconceptions that African American women are promiscuous and are virtually useless. These myths caused these women to be degraded in the eyes of others as well as themselves. In Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon cleaning lady is defined in ways that have destroyed these myths. Womanhood is defined according to ones sexuality, spirituality, beauty, identity, relationships, and motherhood. Song of Solomon begins with one of the most arresting scenes in our centurys literature a dreamlike tableau depicting a man poised on a roof, about to fly into the air, while cloth rose petals swirl supra the snow-covered ground and, in the astonished crowd below, one woman sings as a nonher enters premature labor. The child born of that labor, Macon (Milkman) Dead, will in the end come to discover, through his complicated progress to maturity, the meaning of the drama that marked his birth. Toni Morrisons novel is a romance of self-discovery, a retelling of the black experience in America that uncovers the inalienable poetry of that experience, and a family saga luminous in its depth, imaginative generosity, and universality. It is also a tribute to the ways in which, in the hands of a master, the ancient art of storytelling can be used to make the mysterious and invisible aspects of human life apparent, real, and firm to the touch. Milkmans independent aunt, Pilate, serves as the best but not the only example of the retention and use of African ways and culture. Pilate is seen as a conjure woman and this fact is made evident by her unnatural birth and the distinguishing feature of being born without a navel. This sets her apart from the rest of the community giving her almost immediate supernatural status. Not only can she be seen as a conjure women she should also be seen as a kee per of African cultural ways. She proves to be the the strength and preservation of her heritage and culture. Pilate in keeping with the African Spiritual culture seeks to repair the relationship of Macon and Ruth at Ruths request. So with this knowledge gained from what seems, another world source, Pilate gives to Macons wife Ruth a greenish powder to put in Macons food to induce him to become sexually active with Ruth again.

Ciminal Insanity Essay -- Judicial Criminal System

A judges ruling today that an Irvington babysitter who stabbed her 5-year-old nephew 57 times is not guilty by reason of insanity was followed by screams of agony from the exsanguinous childs father. (Juri, 2009)This woman will be locked up, but in a maximum security psychiatric facility not a prison. Is this just? Is this fair? It may be. What if this woman did not know that the child was what she was stabbing? What if she saw a dog that was attacking her, or maybe she was even farther removed from reality. This is the trouble with criminal insanity cases. Sometimes, even if the person is mentally ill a murder is a murder theft is theft. Should criminal insanity be a useable defense in Canadian homage systems? Through the history there have been three basic definitions of legal insanity. First was the MNaghten Rule. This rule give tongue to that a person was only considered legally insane if they were incapable of appreciating his surroundings(Montaldo, 2010) due to a mental il lness. This is a quite strict definition without ofttimes room for special cases. It caused a black and white view of criminal insanity cases. The MNaghten Rule lasted until the 1950s when in the Durham v. United States case the court ruled that would not have committed the criminal act but for the existence of a mental disease or defect.(Montaldo, 2010) the Durham method got a lot of criticism because it was very lenient on the definition of criminal insanity so that it almost depended on the judge to decide if the person was to be considered criminally insane or not. To address this problem a third method was created by the American Law Institute and was published as fragmentise of the Model Penal Code. The Model Penal Code provided a standardized idea of crimina... ...us reus. Retrieved from http//www.answers.com/topic/actus-reusBurns, K. (2008, May 16). wicked insanity . Retrieved from http//karisable.com/crmh.htm Dryden-Edwards, MD, R. (2010). Schizophrenia. Retrieved from http//www.medicinenet.com/schizophrenia/page3.htmFarlex, . (2010). Insanity defense. Retrieved from http//legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Criminal+insanityFindlaw, . (2010). The insanity defense history and background .. Retrieved from http//criminal.findlaw.com/crimes/more-criminal-topics/insanity-defense/insanity-defense-background.html Juri, C. (2009, January 06). Judge accepts insanity defense from babysitter in irvington childs slaying. Retrieved from http//www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/01/a_judges_ruling_today_that.html Montaldo, C. (2010). The insanity defense. Retrieved from http//crime.about.com/od/issues/a/insanity.htm

Polymerase Chain Reaction Lab :: essays research papers

Title Polymerase Chain Reaction Simulation ProposeThe propose of this lab was to understand how by running a mousse electrophoresis on a batch of DNA we are able to see how many approximately cycles it has gone through.Methods Cas displaceg the Agarose Gel In this essay .8% solution was used. By using a 250ml flask the buffer solution was prepared. Using the equation to make enough solution for the entire lab come apart the equation had to be multiplied by four. The contents of this equation were added to the 250ml flask and swirled to evenly distribute it contents. Then a mark was placed on the away of the flask to indicate the level of the solution before heating. The flask opening had perafilm placed over it so that there was little to no evaporation. The solution was thence placed in the microwave and heated. The solution was then heated for one min and swirled for evenly dissolved Agarose. The Agarose was then cooled, so that it was not to hot and the menage would crack. S ome water was added to the solution because of there was some evaporation during heating. Once the gel had cooled, it was poured into the plate between the rubber dams. The plate was filled more or less one-half way up the comb arms. These dams are placed in the plate to prevent leaking. Then the gel was added and allowed to completely soiditify, which takes around 20mins. Preparing the Gel for Electrophoresis one time the rubber dams have been removed (carefully), the comb was then removed. Then the buffer was made. The buffer was made by using the equation, but also multiplying it by four, for the 3 lab groups. Then the chambers around the gel plate is filled with the buffer, just enough buffer to cover the gel plate in a very small amount. Then the dyes were loaded to there correct wells. Once the gels were added (carefully) the lid was placed on the plate and system was turned on. The system ran for about 10mins. (Hint the system is running when there are bubbles occurring in the buffer solution.Once the gel had been run the exactly gel had been removed from the buffer, placed on tin foil and moisten with a small amount of buffer solution. Then the gel had a DNA Instastain planer placed on top of it. The sheet was placed on the gel firmly and a beackr and gel casting tray were placed on top of the gel.

Morality and Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Br

green Goodman Brown was published in 1835, when Nathaniel Hawthorne was 31 years old. Hawthorne was born(p) and reared in Salem, Massachusetts, a village still permeated by its 17th century puritanism. When he was four, Hawthornes father died, and from that point on he was surrounded mostly by females two sisters, a maiden aunt, and a retiring mother who was not constrictive to her children. He had little contact with his deceased fathers family, but his maternal relatives were encouraging and saw to it that he attended college, the first in his family to do so (Turner 33). During four years at college, despite his reclusive nature, he established close friendships with his male classmates, several of which he maintained for life. These four years of shared human companionship were contrasted by the following twelve years of self-imposed closing off spent in the upper floor of his mothers home in Salem, trying to master the art of writing. It was during those twelve years of iso lation, while researching local New England write up for background use in his fiction, that Hawthorne made a startling discovery. His 17th century paternal ancestors, whom he had assumed to have been yeoman farmers or glide men, had been illustrious founders as well as political and religious Puritan leaders of Salem. Young Goodman Brown was influenced by this Puritan heritage by Hawthornes reputation which had acquired a skeptical, dual-outlook on life and by Hawthornes mental and moral beliefs thathe revealed. Hawthorne struggles with his own morality within his own biographical framework in Young Goodman Brown. Hawthorne viewed his Puritan ancestors with a mixture of pride and guilt. He felt pride in seeing the history of his own family inter... ... Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. Canby, Henry Seidel. Classic Americans A Study of high-flown American Writers from Irving to Whitman. New York Russell and Russell, 1939. Donaldson, Scott and Ann Massa. American Literature Nineteenth a nd Early Twentieth Century. New York Harper and Row, 1978. Fogle, Richard Harter. Hawthornes Fiction The Light and the Dark. Norman U of Oklahoma P, 1952. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. 1835. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Lexington Heath, 1944. 2129-38. Johnson, Claudia D. The Productive Tension of Hawthornes Art. University U of Alabama P, 1981. Turner, Arlin. Nathaniel Hawthorne A Biography. New York Oxford UP, 1980. Ziff, Larzer. Literary Democracy The Declaration of Cultural freedom in America. New York Viking Press, 1981.

Morality and Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Goodman Br

Young Goodman Brown was published in 1835, when Nathaniel Hawthorne was 31 years old. Hawthorne was born and reared in Salem, Massach accustomtts, a village still permeated by its 17th century Puritanism. When he was four, Hawthornes father died, and from that point on he was surrounded mostly by females two sisters, a maiden aunt, and a retiring mother who was not close to her children. He had little contact with his deceased fathers family, but his maternal relatives were supportive and saw to it that he attended college, the first in his family to do so (Turner 33). During four years at college, despite his reclusive nature, he established close friendships with his male classmates, some(prenominal) of which he maintained for life. These four years of shared human companionship were contrasted by the following twelve years of self-imposed isolation spent in the upper floor of his mothers home in Salem, trying to master the art of writing. It was during those twelve years of isola tion, while researching local new-fashioned England history for background use in his fiction, that Hawthorne made a startling discovery. His 17th century paternal ancestors, whom he had assumed to have been yeoman farmers or seafaring men, had been illustrious founders as well as political and religious Puritan leaders of Salem. Young Goodman Brown was influenced by this Puritan heritage by Hawthornes personality which had acquired a skeptical, dual-outlook on life and by Hawthornes mental and moral beliefs thathe revealed. Hawthorne struggles with his own morality within his own biographical framework in Young Goodman Brown. Hawthorne viewed his Puritan ancestors with a sort of pride and guilt. He felt pride in seeing the history of his own family inter... ... Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. Canby, Henry Seidel. Classic Americans A Study of Eminent American Writers from Irving to Whitman. pertly York Russell and Russell, 1939. Donaldson, Scott and Ann Massa. American Literature Nine teenth and Early Twentieth Century. New York Harper and Row, 1978. Fogle, Richard Harter. Hawthornes Fiction The Light and the Dark. Norman U of Oklahoma P, 1952. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. 1835. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Lexington Heath, 1944. 2129-38. Johnson, Claudia D. The Productive Tension of Hawthornes Art. University U of Alabama P, 1981. Turner, Arlin. Nathaniel Hawthorne A Biography. New York Oxford UP, 1980. Ziff, Larzer. Literary Democracy The Declaration of Cultural Independence in America. New York Viking Press, 1981.

Streetcar named desire: reality

A trolley Named Desire Illusion Replacing Reality Human kind cannot bear much human race (Eliot 14). Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire is an artistic demonstration of T. S. Eliots observation. In Streetcar, Blanche, a woman in crisis, visits her sister Stella and brother-in-law Stanley in New Orleans. Blanche is from an upper-class background but has fallen on hard times, both economically and emotionally. Stanley is from a lower-class background with a cruel streak a mile wide. What ensues is a conflict of epic proportions amongst Stanley and Blanche, with Stella torn between the two.Each character operates ithin his or her own alternate man. Through Stella, Stanley and Blanches self- deception within this conflict, Williams demonstrates how and to what extent individuals create their own true(a)ities in order to wield the fapde of an existence they deem acceptable. Blanche, more so that any of character demonstrates an individuals ability to live in an alternate re ality. Blanche creates an dissimulation that helps her cope with the type of person she has fuck off because of tragedy she experiences.Blanches husband commits suicide after she even ups a cruel statement to him when she discovers his affair with a man. Blanche deals with her guilt and loneliness with destructive behavior she drinks excessively and engages in sexually promiscuous behavior. Ultimately, Blanche is run out of town and comes to live with Stella with nowhere else to go. The facts behind Blanches story are sordid. But she does not live them or level(p) live in a reality where they exist. After all, a womans charm is fifty percent head game (2. 29). Blanche creates an illusion where she remains a proper southern lady who is wanted by rich gentlemen. She arrives at Stellas house wearing pearls, white gloves and a hat, looking as if she were arriving t a summer tea or cocktail party in the garden district (1. 14). She clings to her Southern aristocratic roots and la bels Stanley a brute because of his social status (4. 2). She give for not acknowledge that she has fallen on hard times, but instead adopts a reality as it ought to be (9. 43).She strives to convince others to adopt her reality to reinforce her fantasy initiation (l misrepresent things to them. I dont tell the truth, I tell what ought to be truth) (9. 43). For Blanche, an alternate reality is not Just desirable or more acceptable, it is necessary. Blanche needs the illusion because she annot exist without it. She cannot see herself as she truly is and go on. When Stanley shatters the illusion, Blanche is destroyed along with it. Like Blanche, Stella also creates a false reality to make her existence acceptable.Stellas alternate reality does not permeate her life like Blanches. But, it is equally destructive. Stella creates an illusion of Stanley as a loving husband to maintain her illusion that everything is fine in her marriage. Stellas illusion of Stanley is evident on two occ asionswhen she returns to Stanley after he beats her and when she refuses to believe that Stanley has raped Blanche. When Stanley beats Stella, Stellas self-deception becomes evident. It is uncontaminating at that point that Stanleys cruelty extends to Stella in their marriage.Blanche tries to convince Stella to leave Stanley. Ironically, Blanche, who clings to illusion herself, tells Stella that she must, Pull (her)self together and face the facts (4. 48). Stella, however, opts for her illusion. She returns to Stanley and maintains the illusion ot ner nappy marriage. Stella again opts tor ner alternate reality when she refuses to believe that Stanley raped Blanche. Stella recognizes that he cannot maintain the illusion of what her marriage is if she believes Blanche. So, she makes a conscious decision to reject Blanches story and maintain her illusion.At the end of the play, Stella explains her decision to her relay transmitter Eunice l couldnt believe her story and go on living with Stanley (1 1. 40). In rejoinder, Eunice states, Dont ever believe it. Life has got to go on. No matter what happens, youve got to keep going. (1 1. 41). Eunices reply suggests that she recognizes that Stella is deceiving herself about Stanley in order to maintain the illusion of her marriage. Stellas statement also suggests a degree of awareness that the illusion of her marriage would be destroyed if she veritable Blanches story.Stella is only able to maintain her false reality by rejecting the truth about a brutal rape against her sister. Through Stella actions, Williams demonstrates the extent that an individual will go to in order to maintain an illusion. Both Stella and Blanches lives are mired in illusion. Williams suggests that perhaps Stanleys is as well toa lesser degree. Williams betrays Stanley as a forthright man who speaks truthfully and plainly. From the time e meets Blanche, Stanley is obsessed with revealing Blanches lies and deceptions.But, ironically, even Stanley creates an alternate reality that he is better able to accept. After he has operate Blanche insane by his brutal rape, Stanley goes to his family and presents the image of a loving husband and father as Blanche is taken away. Stanleys alternate reality mirrors the one that Stella has created. In his illusion he is a loving father and husband rather than a cruel bully. So, through Stanley, Williams demonstrates that even those who are firmly seated in reality engage in self-deception to maintain an acceptable fapde.Williams message in Streetcar seems to be that humans tend to make their own reality when the real one is not to their liking. Blanche, Stella and even Stanley toa lesser degree create false realities. Their illusions cloak actual realities which they are unable or unwilling to bear. The illusions they create allow them to adopt an existence that is acceptable to themone that is in no way similar to the truth of their lives. Works Cited Eliot, T. S. Burnt Norton. Four Quartets. New York Mariner Books, 1968. 14. Print. Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire. New York Signet, 1974. Print.

Rationing During World War Ii

Rationing During gentleman War II 30 March, 2012 Rationing During man War II Rationing is defined as a decided allowance of provisions of food, especially for soldiers or sailors or for civilians during a shortage (dictionary. com). In 1942 a circumscribeing system began to guarantee minimum amounts of things people unavoidable. During World War II, people couldnt just walk into a store and buy whatever they wanted. Ration books are books that contained coupons where shopkeepers could cut out the coupon for the someone to use.War ration books and tokens were issued to individually American family, controlling how much gas, tires, sugar, meat, silk, shoes, nylon and other items any person could buy (Rationing on the US Homefront). The Office of Price Administration (OPA) issued to each one person in a household to get a ration book, even children and babies. Ration books were organized by color buff-colored books were mostly for adults, green ration books were for pregnant wo men, nursing mothers and children under the age of five, and blue ration books were for children from ages six to sixteen (Rationing on the US Homefront).On National Registration day, 29 September, 1939, all person in a household had to fill out a form explaining with details about who lived in their house. Ration stamps were only valid for a sure period of time so it would prevent hoarding of the stamps. The government issued ration books because they were worried that when items became scarce that the prices would go up, and poor people couldnt buy the things they take (Barrow, 2010). Rationing made sure that people got an equal amount of food every week. The government tried their hardest to make it fair for everyone.Still, some people prospect that rationing was unfair (Barrow, 2010). People were encouraged to provide their own food in their homes thus starting the Dig for Victory stir. The Dig for Victory campaign was where men and women made their yards and flower-beds into gardens to obtain vegetables (Dig For Victory , 2004). A typical ration for one adult per week was butter 50g (2oz), sugar 225g (8oz), cheese 50g (2oz), jam 450g (1lb) every two months, bacon and ham 100g, meat to the value of 1s. 2d (1 shilling and sixpence e er week, eggs 1 fresh egg a week, change eggs 1 packet every four weeks, margarine 100g (4oz), milk 3 pints (1800 ml), tea 50g (2oz), sweets 350g (12oz) every four weeks (Barrow, 2010). With the above list of rationed items, each person was allowed sixteen points to use on whatever rationed item they wanted. Pregnant women, mothers who are nursing their children or children under the age of five were allowed to crock up their choice of fruit, daily pint of milk and double eggs first (Barrow, 2010). Clothes rationing began two years after food rationing started.During World War II, there was a shortage in material for clothing. The shortage made people to make due and mend so that way grinder workers could make uniform s, and parachutes for the war (Giullian, 2010). The government gave each person a ration book for clothes. Just like food rationing, when people wanted to buy raw clothes, all they had to do was bring their ration book to the store and then buy they clothes they wanted, then you hand over your ration book to the tradesman and they mark off what the person got in their ration books.The coupon system allowed people to get a new set of clothing each year. Coupons were a different color so they wouldnt use all their coupons at once. The government told the people when they could use their other coupons. At first, each person was disposed 60 coupons to last them the whole year. Later on the coupon amount dropped to 48. Children were assigned an extra 10 ration coupons for their clothing in case they grow during the year. What would you buy with 60 coupons to last you the whole year?Fourteen years of rationed food and it finally came to an end because meat and bacon restrictions were l ifted. Rationing of food stop nine years after the war ended. Rationing ended on 4 July, 1954 (Barrow, 2010). Fourteen years of rationing, people could finally enjoy buying the necessities they needed for their daily life. Men, women, and children went back to a normal lifestyle they were used to. References Barrow, M.. (2010, Month. Day). InRationing During WWWII.Retrieved Mar. 26, 2012, from http//www. woodlands-junior. kent. sch. uk/Homework/war/rationing. htm (2004, Mar. 1 ). InDig for Victory. Retrieved Mar. 26, 2012, from http//h2g2. com/ deoxyribonucleic acid/h2g2/A2263529 Giullian, M.. (2010, May. 10). InRationing. Retrieved Mar. 25, 2012, from http//ussslcca25. com/rationing. htm InRationing on the US Homefront during WWII. Retrieved Mar. 25, 2012, from http//www. ameshistoricalsociety. org/exhibits/events/rationing. htm

Government and Not for Profit Accounting

NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 13 2 Not-for-profit organisations Key points Many not-for-profit organisations (NFPs) feel they atomic number 18 vilely understood by presidential term and the general usual. Pressures to be more efficient thrust seen overhead expending curbd at consider subject harm to military posture and improved pick allotment over time (allocative capacity). The firmament is diverse, but NFPs dis gyp slightly common behavioural patterns Whereas the behaviour of for-profit business is drive mostly by their desire for profits, the behaviour of NFPs is driven mostly by their mission or confederacypurpose. Demonstrated commitment to their community-purpose underpins expect for their activities, whether by members for member-serving NFPs, or by donors and authorities who provide accompaniment for community-serving NFPs. Processes, very much highly billeticipatory, matter for NFPs beca using up they provide value to the volunteers and members, and because of their central importance to maintaining trusting relationships that form the basis for effective inspection and repair delivery. Control notify be a major motivating actor for the managers of NFPs.While generally motivated by altruism, NFP management also benefits personally from their type when it confers situation or power, builds their skills and contacts, and where it improves the environment for their other activities. These characteristics of NFPs project implications for the drivers of capacity and durability Processes that appear messy and inefficient to outsiders sight be essential for effective delivery of attend of processs, specially those requiring engagement with clients who face disadvantages and argon wary of giving medication and for-profit providers.They hobo also be important to realize and retain volunteers, the involvement of which can be wanted as much for the engagement outcomes as for replacing the need for paid labour. It is p ossible that, for some managers, doing can take precedence over achieving. Unless NFP boards are able to act decisively, much(prenominal) behaviour can undermine efficiency and effectiveness and threaten the sustain powerfulness of an NFP. While greater scale and sharing of subscribe to work can improve harvestion efficiency, NFPs can be reluctant to merge or collaborate where other interests might be eroded or where the purchase of support work adds to overheads. continued on contiguous page) 14 NOT-FOR-PROFIT Key points (continued) Community-serving NFPs may lack adequate feedback mechanisms on their effectiveness (or lack in that respectof) as clients are often grateful for the assistance. This contrasts strongly with member-serving organisations, tokenly small grass roots organisations, where member satisfaction is paramount to survival. While historically Australia fits in the liberal tender inception category (where government social spending is low and NFP actio n is relatively large), since the 1970s government funding of the sector has grown.From the 1980s, this has increasingly been under competitive allocation arrangements, with greater use of the sector to deliver government funded dos. More recently, social enterprise is organism seen as a way to harness network presidential term to address social bring ons. Along with demographic, ethnic and cultural changes (such as increasing environmental awareness), these forces are increasing demand for NFP activities. In reacting to rising demand, NFPs report makets arising from developing regulation and contract requirements, and challenges in accessing funding, finance, and skilled workers. ? political sympathies can assist in addressing these constraints to facilitate sector growth and development nevertheless the sector cadaver responsible for its own future. The diversity of the not-for-profit (NFP) sector makes any attempt to describe how NFP organisations (NFPs) behave challengi ng at beat out, and quite likely impossible. Nevertheless, such a rendering is important as one of the complaints from the sector is that government, and to a lesser extent business, fail to adequately understand the sector.This is reflected in both government and business expressing bafflement over the reluctance of many another(prenominal) NFPs to merge or collaborate, and more generally, what they see as resistance to change. The general public too, has conceptions about the NFP sector, and perhaps illusions about what is infallible to plan and deliver effective relief and preventive attends. This is thoroughly illustrated in the resistance to spending on overheads If in that location is any single issue that vexes managers and trustees of graciouse establishments the world over, it is undoubtedly that of overhead expenses.The case against spending overhead dollars is as simple as it can be every dollar that a foundation expends on overhead expenses is a dollar that it cannot spend on grants. Overhead expenses, at that placefore are leeches upon grantmaking. The case for spending overhead dollars is rather more complicated. (Orosz 2009) This chapter provides a general model of how NFPs make decisions on what they do and, importantly, how they go about it. It aims to shed light on the drivers of efficiency and effectiveness in the sector.This provides a go on into sector development and the question of the role of government. This chapter argues that this role is limited to providing an appropriately supportive operating environment, NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 15 investing in NFP activities that have considerable public benefit, and governments use of NFPs to deliver services. As a number of submissions noted, it is important for the sector not to become reliant on government The Community/NFP sector is decisive to holding the government and market to account, and ensuring that they act legally and fairly to all.There are dangers he identifi ed in any too close a coaction surrounded by the sectors as critical roles are diminished, if their independence is reduced to interdependence. The results can be an undermining of democratic balance of interests. (Womens Electoral Lobby Australia Inc. , sub. DR241, p. 3, referring to the work of Claus Offe) 2. 1 Are not-for-profit organisations contrary? NFPs are driven by their community-purpose, which may focus on their members, targeted groups in the community (often the disadvantaged) or, more broadly, the common-good.In production, NFPs care about how (process) as sanitary as what (activities) they do. And in management, those making the decisions often care deeply about the control they have over both process and natural selection of activities. It is this combination of community-purpose and job about process and managerial control that characterises NFPs behaviour. One way to think about how NFPs get is summarised in figure 2. 1. Processes that are participatory, inc lusive, quality focused and social are central as they engender trust and confidence in the organisation, enhancing the reach and quality of the activities cutn ? facilitate access to re reservoirs from multiple stakeholders including volunteer workers, as well as access to funding and in-kind resources, as NFPs can provide value to those making these plowshares build the mental ability and capabilities of staff, volunteers, members and clients for effective engagement over time, including their knowledge and ability to influence the design of future activities. These quality processes contribute to achieving the outcomes of the NFP, including what might be incidental outcomes such as improved community connections.In some areas of activity, process, in particular for maintaining trust, can be critical to achieving outcomes. Trust and continuity of relationships is essential. It is the establishment of trust through the continuity of staff and service provision that builds the basis from which change can happen. The degree of trust rises with extent of trustiness of information about the trustee. It is this element of trust where the NFP sector has an advantage over the for profit sector and why the capacity to deliver such programs is as strong as it is. (SDN Childrens Services, sub. 60, pp. 10-11) 16 NOT-FOR-PROFIT Billis and Gennerster (1998) argue that NFPs have a comparative advantage in delivering services where the motivating to address disadvantage, and knowledge of and sensitivity to client needs, are in scarce supply. In NFPs there is often a blurring of stakeholder roles, reducing the gap between clients and those delivering services, and between workers and management. Figure 2. 1 A schema of how not-for-profit organisations operate The bottom half of figure 2. 1 emphasises the importance of process as a motivating factor for management.NFPs are normally established by people who want to do something that is not creation done or do it in a different way. People who take on the responsibility of managing an NFP are motivated not only by their belief in the community-purpose (often altruistic motivations) but also by their own role and how it contributes to their wellbeing. Whether their role confers status, power, builds skills and contacts, improves the environment for their other activities or provides self-fulfilment from engagement in a meaningful activity, this motivation needs to be commodious for volunteer, and even paid, managers to remain committed to the organisation.Further, donors are increasingly go steadying for these types of re processs on their investments in NFPs in amplification to achievement of the community-purpose. At an organisational level, sufficient stakeholders (donors, workers including volunteers, members, and clients) need to be satisfied by the outcomes achieved and/or by the process for the organisation to remain viable. Like for-profit business, NFPs can fail and they will fail if sufficient stakeholders lose interest. If clients NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 17 take in their problems permanently solved, and the services of the NFP are no daylong needed, this is indeed a good thing.At a sector level, failure of some NFPs, evolution of others, and establishment of unfermented NFPs is just part of a healthy renewal process. Sector-wide, inclusive and participatory processes reflect and contribute to social capital the relationships, understandings and social conventions that form an important part of the mediating environment that shapes economic and social opportunities. NFP advocacy, education of citizens, enabling of engagement in civic processes, and the creation of opportunities for connections work together to form a healthy cultured society.Consequently the extent of NFP activity is often taken as an indicator of the health of society (Putnam, Leonardi and Nannetti 1993 PC 2003) The major differences in behaviour between for-profit and NFP organisati ons are nicely captured by Collins (2005). His estimate is replicated below in table 2. 1. Table 2. 1 Major differences between the business and social sector Issue clientele Sector Social sector Accountability Primarily responsible to stakeholders Primarily responsible to constituents (e. g. disadvantaged children and their families) and myriad supporters or stakeholdersDefining and measuring success Widely agreed-upon pecuniary metrics of performance Money is both an input (a means to success) and an output (a measure of success) Fewer widely agreed-upon metrics of performance Money is only an input, not an output Performance relative to mission, not financial returns, is the primary measure of success Focus Doing things right (efficiency) Competition to deliver the best products Doing the right things (effectiveness a) collaborationism to deliver the best outcomes Leadership/ organisation Governance structure and hierarchy relatively clear and straightforwardConcentrated and clear executive power often substituted for leadership Governance structures often have more components and inherent ambiguity More diffuse and less clear executive power with leadership more prevalent talent Often have substantial resources to attract and retain talent Can more easily get the wrong people come to the bus for poor performance Often lack the resources to acquire and retain talent Tenure systems and volunteer dynamics can complicate getting the wrong people off the bus Access to capital Efficient capital markets that connect to the profit mechanismResults attract capital resources which in turn fuel greater results, and so on No efficient capital markets to channel resources systematically to those who deliver the best results a This refers to both effectiveness (did it work? ), and to allocative efficiency (was it the right thing to do? ). Source Collins (2005). 18 NOT-FOR-PROFIT 2. 2 Implications for efficiency and effectiveness The terms of reference refer to exp loring ways to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the NFP sector. What constitutes efficiency and effectiveness varies crosswise the different types of NFPs.The importance of process, and management control over process, has implications for efficiency and effectiveness of NFPs. So too, does the commitment to a specific community-purpose. Some NFPs have a different conception of efficiency and effectiveness or may eschew such notions altogether. These NFPs have a right to exist and, providing they cause no harm, should be left to do what they do in the way they like to do it. However, where public funding is involved or donors seek to achieve the best returns on their gifts, efficiency and effectiveness are central to maximising community wellbeing.It is important to distinguish between efficiency in production (how well inputs are dark into outputs) and efficiency in allocation (putting resources to the uses that deliver the best outcomes for the community). While both ar e important, it is the latter, provided the activities are effective, that matters most for wellbeing, especially over time, a point back up by the Smith Family the nonprofit sector should first ensure that they are focused on doing the right things before consideration of how well they are doing them. sub. DR204, p. 4) despite this, the attention paid by governments and donors to overhead costs as an indicator of an organisations worthiness drives a fixation with production efficiency. This can constrain investment in planning and evaluation which are essential for maintaining and improving effectiveness and efficiency. At an organisational level, cost-effectiveness in achieving the NFPs communitypurpose is the most appropriate objective for managers.This assessment can be difficult as the results of social investment usually take time to eventuate and are often the product of forces in addition to the activity under scrutiny. Nevertheless, measurement challenges should not be a llowed to divert attention from what matters designing and delivering activities that deliver the desired outcomes (and no unexpected nasties) at least cost. This frees up resources to do more. Selecting which mix of activities gives the sterling(prenominal) benefit to the community is the ultimate allocation challenge.NFPs, through their advocacy and other avenues of influence, play an important role in channelise the selection of activities. Donors influence allocation through their giving. Government decisions on tax concessions can influence this allocation to some extent, however, their influence over allocation is greatest for discipline funding decisions. Unlike the market for goods and services, where prices serve as an allocation mechanism, these forces provide only an in at once discipline on ensuring that the allocation of resources is optimal for the community.NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 19 Prevention is a good example of the allocation challenge. There is almost un iversal agreement that prevention is better than cure, and generally costs far less. Nevertheless, as it is difficult to demonstrate the value of avoiding a cost that would otherwise be imposed by a problem, prevention tends to attract less donor support. This issue is compounded by the exclusion of prevention in the definition of charity as applied for deductable gift recipient status. Figure 2. reflects the different roles that the NFP management, donors and government play in driving efficiency and effectiveness. While to some extent these stakeholders act like consumers in imposing discipline on NFPs to be efficient and effective, there are some significant differences from the market disciplines that drive efficiency and effectiveness in the (for-profit) business sector. The drivers of efficiency and effectiveness in NFPs Many NFPs argue that they operate on the smell of an oily rag, stretching their resources to the maximum.While often true, the importance of process can make NFPs appear messy and inefficient to outsiders, and even to some of the insiders. However, process can be central to the ability of a NFP to garner resources and deliver activities effectively. On the cost side, more participatory and inclusive processes can reduce the volume and/or quality of outputs by absorbing resources and slowing down delivery. This is observed in activity development and implementation that requires more one-on-one service delivery, time and resources to support participation in ecision making and greater individualisation of the service. Yet, on the benefit side, it may be these processes that give NFPs an advantage in trustworthiness or network governance1 that make them more effective, especially in the delivery of some merciful services. While a trade-off between production efficiency and quality is not unique to the NFP sector, NFPs often place a relatively higher w ogdoad on quality. In some cases quality, including quality of process, is strongly con nect to effectiveness of the activity, but in other cases the doing can take precedence over the achieving.Where these processes are central to the governance of the organisation and part of the value it provides to its volunteers and members, processes should be seen as essential outputs for the sustainability of the NFP. However, as NFPs grow and become more professional in their management, this type of value from process tends to diminish. 1 Network governance is the relationships between organisations and individuals that is characterised by organic or informal structures, in contrast to bureaucratic structures of contractual relationships. 20 NOT-FOR-PROFITFigure 2. 2 Efficiency and effectiveness of not-for-profit organisations drivers and constraints NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 21 Production efficiency tends to improve with scale, but mergers and growth can detract from valued processes, particularly in smaller organisations. NFPs can also be reluctant to collaborate to add ress support services such as back office and fund raising, possibly reflecting the transaction costs associated with establishing joint approaches. There are relatively some intermediaries offering these types of services to NFPs in Australia.This may be due to reluctance of NFPs to spend scarce specie on support activities thus offering wee opportunity for such services to develop. Over time, efficient production requires investments in skills, capital, planning, research and relationships that allow the best (defined by quality as well as quantity) outputs for the level of inputs. Many NFPs would agree that they face constraints on increasing their production efficiency due to difficulties accessing finance and in freeing up resources to invest in training and enabling technologies such as management systems.These constraints can create a tension between delivering now and being efficient in the longer term. Unlike businesses, where the financial bottom line is a good measure of their effectiveness, NFPs have to rely on other signals. NFP managers may resist honest feedback on effectiveness, or may, as with some donors, regard evaluation as wasted money. Member serving organisations are more likely to get direct feedback from their social station on how they are performing where members can vote with their feet.Client serving organisations, on the other hand, are less likely to get negative feedback especially where clients have no alternative services available. The community development literature of the 1970s stressed the value of grass roots organisations as vested interests of members should result in the best or optimal selection of, and resource allocation to, activities. However, for larger organisations, the allocation of resources to the different activities will usually reflect managements views on the contribution these activities make to their community-purpose.If donors and government funders want to influence the allocation of resources t ensions can arise even in situations where they have provided the resources. Philanthropy is an important mechanism for allocating resources to organisations and activities that donors see as providing the greatest value for their gift. Given that wealthier individuals have greater giving power, it is their (or their foundation managers) assessment that tends to dominate this allocation. Similarly, large businesses also have the potential to influence activities undertaken by NFPs.The productivity of an organisation improves when it raises the efficiency and effectiveness of its resource use in the short term and when it invests wisely in resources that enhance its efficiency and effectiveness in the longer term. This will improve the productivity of the sector, especially when other NFPs follow suit. 22 NOT-FOR-PROFIT However, the productivity of the sector also improves when resources shift to those organisations that make better use of resources in terms of their contribution to the wellbeing of the broader community (PC 2008).These issues are explored further in chapter 9. The central message here is that NFPs may face significant resource constraints to achieving efficiency and effectiveness. More difficult to address is lack of incentive for some NFPs to minimise costs in the short run, or to invest in purpose out how effective their actions are. Indeed, such actions may reduce the return to the NFP management if they interfere with valued processes. In addition, at a sector level, pursuit of community-purpose does not guarantee efficient allocation of resources.In addressing these constraints and challenges, it is useful to understand what drives sector growth and development. 2. 3 What drives sector growth and development? The NFP sector in a broader scene The term third sector distinguishes the NFP sector, the for-profit business sector, and the government on the basis of where production occurs. The household sector also engages in production and i s ultimately the source of labour and capital. Focusing just on production of goods and services, expansion of production in one sector by necessity reduces production in another(prenominal) sector if resources are all-encompassingy employed.It is this conceptualisation that views NFPs as undertaking activities that the business sector does not find profitable to undertake, governments lack a mandate to provide, and households cannot undertake alone. In reality the picture (summarised in figure 2. 3) is far more complex Government engages NFPs, for-profit business, and households (for example, through carer pay offments) in delivery of goods and services that government funds consequently there can be some competition for government business.Similarly, the sectors compete for household resources and, in some situations, for markets, a classic example being the market for second hand clothing. Government, for-profit business and households recognise value in community and other a ctivities provided by NFPs (complementarity) and provide resources (funding, in-kind resources and volunteers) to support these activities some are of direct benefit to the funders, such as professional associations and childrens sporting activities some are only of indirect benefit to funders, such as community offbeat activities, and environmental protection. NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 23 Figure 2. 3 Interactions between not-for-profit organisations, government, business and households NFP/ handicraft intersect Trading activities for member benefits Trading activities for revenue to support community-purpose Professional associations NFP/Government intersect Delivery of government funded services Investment in community through NFPs Political parties Households Clients Volunteers Philanthropy Workers Not-for-profitServices to clients/community Services to members Management opportunities Innovation seek Government Support NFPs through regulatory environment direct funding ind irect funding (concessions) Influenced by NFPs advocacy for policy changes community expectations for services Business Support NFPs via philanthropy Compete with NFPs for government contracts and member services Benefit from NFP impact on the mediating environment Partnering with NFPs to achieve social outcomes Social capital sanctioned & judicial system Market rules Mediating Environment Natural Environment Governments, for-profit businesses and households sit within a mediating environment with institutional, legal and market rules and conventions and social capital. While the product of history and the natural environment, this mediating environment is not static, but evolves over time as a result of the activities and processes in all four sectors. The mediating environment can both constrain and facilitate the development of the NFP sector. The likely relative scale and roles of the NFP sector depend on the mediating environment and the historical levels of competition and co mplementarity between 24 NOT-FOR-PROFIT he sectors. The view that NFPs passively fill the gap between what the market delivers and what governments have a mandate to fund is too simplistic rather the role of NFPs reflects the inherent social compact that exists in a country. Social origins theory, developed by Salamon and Anheier (1997), points to different historical moorings where the roles of government and the third sector reflect the contour of historical forces. It identifies four types of non-profit regimes statist, where government social spending is low and non-profit activity is small (such as in Japan) ocial democratic, where government social spending is high and non-profit activity is low (as in Scandinavian countries) corporatist, where government social spending is high and non-profits have a large economic size (France and Germany) liberal, where government social spending is low and non-profit economic activity is large (the US and UK) (Anheier 2005). The scale and scope of the NFP sector depends on the demand for the activities that the sector is well placed to provide, competition for supply these activities and constraints on the sectors ability to respond to these demands and to compete for resources.Sector development is not a defined pathway, rather it is the response of the sector to changes in the temper and scale of demand. The ability of the sector to respond depends on the constraints it faces, including the extent to which NFPs resist change. The evolution of government support for the sector in Australia Historically, Australia fits into the liberal category, where accessing and funding human services has traditionally been the responsibility of the household. Households purchased these services from the for-profit business sector andNFP (often mutuals established for the purpose). NFP community social welfare organisations supplied services to those who lacked a capacity to pay. An implicit mountain between for-profit bus iness and government on industry support underpinned paying workers a living wage and workers accepting responsibility for purchasing their own human services. The 1970s saw a major shift toward a welfare render with government taking on a greater role in funding human services. Much of this expansion was achieved through increased public support for NFP service delivery (Smyth 2008).In the 1980s and 1990s, governments moved to a greater belief on competitive market mechanisms for allocating resources and driving production efficiency. Described as new public management this saw the privatisation of government NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 25 owned enterprises across a range of industries starting with banking in the 1980s and lamentable through to utilities, and the application of a competitive neutrality test to government trading enterprises (Banks 2008).Despite governments moving away from producing goods and services, community expectations of what government will fund appear to have risen. Reflecting these two forces, there has been a shift to greater utilisation of segments of the NFP sector by governments for the delivery of services (Lyons 2009b). Government has provided indirect support to the sector in the form of tax concessions from before federation. The access to concessions varies across the jurisdictions, but most are based on a common law definition of charity (established in England in 1891 in Pemsels case).The Extension of Charitable Purpose puzzle out 2004, sought to clarify that certain purposes (childcare, self-help groups and closed/contemplative religious orders) were indeed charitable. More recently, there has been a growing interest in the third sector as an alternative way of organising production and the allocation of resources (see for example, Blond 2009 Shergold 2009a). NFPs are seen as able to harness network governance to address social issues that markets and government cannot (Barraket 2008).Interest in alternatives to ma rket and government allocation is also seen in the increase in philanthropy (chapter 7), the rising participation in volunteering (chapter 10), and growing engagement by businesses with NFPs (chapter 13). Demand growth and supply constraints on the sector As explored in detail in chapter 4, the sector has grown rapidly over the last eight old age. This can be seen as arising from growth in demand, a significant share of which is cerebrate to the expansion of government funded services (chapter 12).Demographic factors have also contend a role, for example, the baby-boom echo has seen a growth in school-aged children and with this demand for childrens activities. Similarly, the ageing of the population and early retirement has created a demand for more vacuous and cultural activities. Increasing ethnic diversity of the population has generated new niches for NFPs both in community services and in member services. The ability of the sector to respond to these growing and changing d emands depends on the constraints it faces on supply.Consultations and submissions identified four major sources of constraint on NFPs ability to grow and develop Regulatory constraints For unincorporated associations there are few legal requirements. However, this also limits the scope for activities that require a legal form (such as owning assets, contracting for services and purchasing insurance). NFPs that have a legal form face varying compliance costs, and can 26 NOT-FOR-PROFIT face difficulty with evolving their legal form and with changing their community-purpose. These issues are discussed in chapter 6. espial constraints These apply to NFPs receiving financial support from government for their activities, either in the form of grants or through government purchasing of their services (although not always with full funding). While the funding allows for expansion of NFPs activities, it generally comes with strings attached. These can include restrictions on other activit ies, but are more generally related to to the delivery of the activity, including specification of quality standards and staff and volunteer qualifications. These issues are the subject of chapters 11 and 12. ? Funding and financing constraints Unlike for-profit business, where demand comes with funds to purchase the goods and services, many NFPs face demand that is independent of the funding stream. To meet demand, especially in community serving NFPs, NFPs seek funding from government and donations from households and business. Many also look to generate income from their activities. In the absence of price as a rationing mechanism, demand will generally exceed supply, and many community-serving NFPs have to ration their services in some way.Member-serving NFPs face less of a funding constraint, but like community-serving NFPs, may face financing constraints which make it difficult to make investments such as in information systems, housing or training for staff. NFPs without a p roven cash flow to service debt, or substantial assets for collateral, often have difficulty accessing capital markets. This matter is taken up in chapter 7. Skill constraints While access to paid labour is strongly influenced by the ability to pay competitive salaries, and hence funding, NFPs are also concerned about access to skills.Many areas of NFP activities are becoming professionalised, resulting in a shift to paid employment to attract qualified workers. This can complement or crowd out volunteer labour. The former situation arises where employees (and their skills) add value to the volunteer experience. It is only in community services that crowding out of volunteers appears to be apparent, for reasons not well understood. In some sectors, notably community services, skill shortages are a sector-wide issue related to low wages and lack of career paths.Boards too need to develop their governance skills as their tasks have become more complex with delivery of government fund ed services and demands by donors, members and clients for greater accountability. BRI Ferrier (2009) found that most NFP failures stem from inexperienced, weak or sympathetic supervisory groups. These issues are considered further in chapter 10. NOT-FOR-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 27 Is there a role for government in sector growth and development? Government plays a considerable role in shaping the environment in which NFPs operate, irectly through its regulation of the sector, and indirectly in the social contract it has with the community. As discussed above, the latter has shifted from a living wage based arrangement to a social safety net, providing income support to those not able to work or whose wage income is below that required to be selffinancing. In addition, a number of human services are funded by the government on a (non-income tested) needs basis, including health care and disability services. NFPs provide many of these services, some in competition with government or forpr ofit providers (for example, hospital care and employment services).Some of these government funded services are contestable only between NFPs, while others are delivered by sole providers. The resource by government to involve NFPs as providers involves consideration by government of value for money. Discussed in detail in chapter 12, value for money considerations should include cost-effectiveness of service delivery and the extent that this depends on the development of relationships with clients complementarity or joint-production with other services which can enhance client wellbeing beyond that arising from the particular service being funded pillovers (positive and negative) associated with the service delivery these arise as a by-product that affects others in the community, such as the utilisation of a community centre as a base for services for other groups, and the benefits that flow on from improvements in the lives of individuals as a result of their engagement w ith NFPs sustainability of the service delivery and/or client relationship, where the longterm effectiveness depends on the continued presence of the provider.Governments also invest in NFP activities through grants, and provide indirect support through tax and other concessions. In providing this support, governments usually look for additionality that is, the government funding attracts more resources into NFP activities than would otherwise have been the case. The net value added of expanding NFP activity in this way comes from a combination of greater direct benefits of these activities and higher spillovers than the alternative use of the resources. For household donations, this alternative use might be savings or onsumption. For NFPs, the opportunity cost comes with the diversion of their resources into the activities for which the government provides support instead of other (preferred) activities. In these ways government both increases the funding available to the sector and influences its allocation across the various activities. 28 NOT-FOR-PROFIT Governments, especially state and territory governments, may also take a proactive role in sector development. In part this is related to their utilisation of the sector for service delivery.Government investments may be to strengthen the quality and/or financial viability of the NFP service providers, or to increase the number of potential providers and hence provide greater choice for clients and/or government agencies in tendering. But investment in the sector is also related to the role it plays in providing social capital and, in turn as discussed above, the value that this provides to wellbeing. This report looks at the role of government as a regulator of, investor in and procurer of NFP services and activities.It also considers the role of government as a facilitator of philanthropy and the engagement of other sectors with NFPs. These roles differ across the segments of the NFP sector, and for man y parts of the sector government plays little role beyond providing a sound regulatory environment. The Commissions view is that governments role in sector development should be limited to where it utilises the sector for service delivery and to where it sees considerable community benefit from its investment. This view, that the sector should be largely responsible for its own development, reflects the importance of independence of the sector.The link between government funding and loss of independence has been well recognised One of the key traditions learned the hard way in the early days nearly 75 years ago, was that to accept funding from outside sources was to create outside interference with the manner of spending, and vulnerability to sudden loss of or short term, not necessarily reliable, funding. (Dr Vanda Rounsefell, sub. DR260, pp. 1-2) The next three chapters turn to measuring the contribution of the sector at an aggregate, organisation and activity level. This is centr al to improving the understanding of the sector by government funders, philanthropists and NFPs

Many devices are used in this poem to show the raw harsh night of November Essay

The first enclosure is a simile tinkles like ice the word ice represents the harshness and how painful ice is. When we find out at the form of the poem, we can see how the poet uses enjambment to continue in whats being said. The line tries the door, and sidles past gives of a feeling of terror as the poet has personified it and gives of an impression that a human is trying to enter the house. On the second stanza the word gulp is used as onampatpia which is a sound technique.The line embrown fuzz of cotton wool suggests its unclean and dirty because the brown fuzz is pollution. The words lamp fades suggests that the light cant be seen. On the third stanza frost in my lungs is harsh as leaves implies the sharpness and how rough the lungs are. In addition, harsh as leaves is a simile and the poet uses the simile to suggest how chilly the tonight was. It also is a strong simile that The line scrape up on path suggests how cruel and harsh the night was.Many devices are used to show u s how bitter the night was. On the last stanza the line the worlds a bear shrugged in his den suggests he is experiencing the bear pit. Further more, the word snug suggests the partiality inside snoring night is inside away from rest of the world while winter is outside. Inside all inviting but outside its harsh. The line the fog unfolds its bitter scent suggests its comparing ice to fog and also its comparing the fog to the bad smell chrysanthemums

Sam Harris Thesis Review

Morality and values depend on the existence of conscious mindsand specifically on the feature that such minds piece of tail experience various forms of head-being and suffering in this universe. Conscious minds and their states are natural phenomena, of course, fully constrained by the laws of Nature (whatever these sprain out to be in the end). Therefore, there must be right and vilify answers to questions of morality and values that potentially fall within the purview of science. On this view, some people and cultures will be right (to a greater or lesser degree), and some will be wrong, with respect to what they deem significant in life. (Harris, 2011) This is Sam Harriss thesis in his book The Moral Landscape How Science Can Determine Human Values. This proposition purports science can answer questions about morality. Science is about empirical evidence not social norms or accepted moral standards (morality). His stance on morality is revolve about on naturalistic fallacy. It is the thought that morality is the result of evolution and social conditioning. (Craig 2012) The laws of nature do not determine right or wrong demeanour with relativity to the conscious mind.We as humans do not become more moral as we evolve. As situations around us change our ethics change based on whats more beneficial to us. We are selfish to one degree or another we lack complete cultivation about the consequences of our actions and even where we possess such information, our interests and preferences often lead us to ignore it. Harris states. (Harris, 2011) However, his thesis contradicts this statement. I agree with many other critics of Harris regarding his idea of well being. He does not define well being or what justifies it.If well being is a part of the science of morality what can increase or decrease well being? How can well being be the foundation for morality? I do agree with him that our minds can experience frequently suffering. However, the measure of su ffering is not a science. The laws of nature do not determine if our response to unpleasant situations or suffering is right or wrong as he suggests. Philosophers believe morality comes from the soul. Scientist believe morality comes from certain areas of the brain. There are many tests out to study brain functions.These tests display activities in certain areas of the brain that respond to an emotional stimulus. Although scientist continues to research this issue, no network of nerves has been found to determine the process of moral cognition. (Young & Dungan, 2011) Science does not spread abroad us how to live or explain the differences between right and wrong. Morality is based on a school of thought. Morality does not appear in any type of science. Our morals change as our culture change. Right and wrong is determined in the court of public opinion.

Significant Differences Between Accounting and Oil and Gas Operations and the Conventional Accounting for Manufacturing or Mechanize Operation.

SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACCOUNTING AND OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS AND THE CONVENTIONAL ACCOUNTING FOR MANUFACTURING OR MECHANIZE OPERATION. By Demoore Suleman Conventional Manufacturing government note 1. Definition Manufacturing report card, the term I use to describe business organizations engaged in the manufacture of goods for sale. These companion maintain a manufacturing describe. 2. Cost Method Expenses ar the court of unsold yields and argon reported as additions.These expenses include wages, electricity in offices outside of the factory (sales and marketing, general administrative offices) are reported direct as expenses in the account geological period that they are used bell outside of the factory do not become part o the product live. Under the accrual manner of accounting, period toll much(prenominal) as selling, general and administrative expenses are reported in the income statement in the accounting period in which they are used up or explore. Vari ances from purchase are recorded at that time the raw materials are purchased and re categorize into raw materials inventory,Accounting for embrocate and gas operation 1. Definition Oil and Gas Account The term is used to describe the books of account of companies involved in the exploration an knowledge of ill-bred cover and natural gas. 2. Cost Method Accounting for oil and gas operations follow one of two methods of pecuniary accounting. a. Full Cost Method All proportion acquirement exploration and development cost, even dry hole cost are capitalized as oil and gas properties. These cost represent fixed asset, amortized on a country by country basis using a unit of outturn method based on volume produced and emaining proved militia. Acquisition and development activities are capitalized expenses irrespective of whether or not the activities resulted in the discovery of reserve. b. The successful effort (SE) method allows a company to capitalize only those expenses as sociated with successful locating new oil and natural gas militia. automotive, electrical, agricultural, medical and redolent industries. Stocks are recorded as current assets and are classified into i. Raw materials and consumables ii. Work in Progress iii. Finished goods and goods awaiting sale v. Prepayment for stock in cross The Financial Accounting measuring rod Board issued it concept statement No 6 component part of financial statements which defines terms as expenses, loses, taxs, assets e. t. c 3. Accounting Policies Good pull up stakes is not subject to amortization instead the companies must conduct periodic impairment testing. The Net unauthorized capitalized costs are also amortized on unit of business method whereby property acquisition cost are amortized over proved reserves and property development cost are amortized over proved developed reserves.The Net Unamortized capitalized cost of oil and gas properties less related deffered income taxes may not exceed a ceiling consisting primarily of a computed present value of projected proximo cash flows, after income taxes , from the proved reserves. Amortization is computed by postulate or property) or field. Accounting standard disclose for the petroleum downstream activities engaged in a. Refining and petrochemical b. Marketing and Distribution c. Liquefied Natural Gas Accounting Policies are captioned rather than as notes in the financial statements. ork in process inventory, unblemished goods inventory, and cost of good sold. Profit margins set are exampleized cost and represented graphically as break even point analysis. 3. Accounting Policies a. revealing requirement for balance sheet- Goodwill are reported in the balance sheet as deffered charges and are long term asset. Accounting policies prominently disclosed as note to individual items in the financial statement of conventional manufacturing accounting. Disclosure requirement refers to the minimum amount of information which s hould be presented on financial statement.The disclosure requirement for balance sheet and profit and lost account is regulated by the second schedule of the company And Allied Matters consummation in Nigeria (CAMA) 1990 term for the others part of the financial statement, it is regulated by the statement of accounting standard issued by the Nigerian Accounting standard Board. They act beneath Section 335 sub-section 1 provides For unsuccessful or (dry hole) results, the associated operational cost are immediately changed against revenue for that period. Acquisition and Mineral RightProspecting cost associated with pre licensing are incurred in the period prior to the acquisition of legal right to explore for oil and gas in a particular location, such cost include the acquisition of speculative seismic data and expenditures on the subsequent geological and geophysical analysis of the data. Other licensing faces are oil exploration license, oil mining strike license. Oil prospe cting license (OPL). In the course of acquiring the right to explore, develop and produce oil or natural gas, expenses relating to either purchase or lease to the right to extract the oil and gas from a property not owned by the company.Acquisition costs also includes any lease subvention payment to the property owner along with legal expenses, and title search, broker and recording cost. Under both SE and FE accounting methods acquisition cost are capitalized The financial statement of a company prepared under section 334 of this Decree shall comply with the requirement of schedule 2 to the Decree (so farthermost as applicable) with respect to their form and content, and with the accounting standards laid down in the statement of accounting standards, issued from time to time by the Nigerian Accounting Standard Board..Provided such accounting standards do not conflict with the provision of this Decree or Schedule 2 to this Decree. 4. Operations The manufacturing process result in the continuous flow of intermediate product which serve as industrial input for the production of wide varieity of end product in building, textile, packaging, automotive, electrical, agricultural, medical and aromatic industries. Stocks are recorded as current assets and are classified into i.Raw materials and consumables ii. Work in Progress iii. Finished goods and goods awaiting sale iv. Prepayment for stock in transit The Financial Accounting Standard Board issued it concept statement of Exploration Costs Typical of exploration costs are changes relating to the collection and analysis of geo-physical and seismal data involved in the initial examination of a targeted area and later used in the decision of whether to drill at that location.Other cost involved those associated with drilling a well, which are further considered as beingness intangible or tangible. Intangible cost in general are those incurred to nominate the site prior to the installation of the drilling equipm ent whereas tangible drilling cost are those incurred to install and operate that equipment. Treatment All intangible cost will be charged to the income statement as part of the periods operating expenses for a company following the successful method .All tangible drilling cost associated with the successful discovery of new reserves will be capitalized while those incurred in an unsuccessful effort are also added to the operating expenses for that period. Capitalized means being added to the balance sheet as a long term assets. Development Cost Involved in the preparation of discovered reserves for production such as those incurred in the construction or Disclosure Requirement for Value Added Statement Value Added simply refers to the difference between input value and yield value. S. 35 (4) of the CAMA 1990 requires that the value added statement shall report the wealth created by the company during the year and its distribution among various interest groups such as the employees , the government, creditors, proprietors and the company, while emphasizing on the importance of the statement as apart of the financial statement, SAS 2 pointed out that the statement will enable companies to ensure the public that they do not exist for the length of their owners only but rather for the society at large. Possible uses to which the statement could be put include i.Predicting managerial ability ii. Indicating the companys wage paying ability iii. Evaluating the relative rewards of shareholders and other claimants against the company. the construction or improvement of roads to access the well site, with additional drilling or well completion work, an with installing other needed infrastructure to extract (e. g. pumps), gather (pipelines and store tanks) the oil or natural gas reserves both ST and FC allow for the capitalization of all development costs Production cost Ensured costs in extracting oil or natural gas from the reserves are considered production costs.Ty pical of these cost are wages for workers and electricity for operating well pumps. Production cost are considered part of periodic operating expenses and are charged directly to the income statement under both accounting methods. Full cost accounting provides more meaningful financial statement. The primary asset of an oil company are the underground oil and gas reserves but not the individual well drill (expenses) in producing the oil. Its been further argued that the amortization of full cost over time produces more meaning income statement through improved matching of cost is to be released revenue.No 6 Element of financial statements which defines terms as expenses, loses, revenues, assets e. t. c Disclosure Requirement for Profit and Loss Account The Profit and Lost Account is an account which report the revenue and expenses of an enterprise for a given accounting period. The objective of the profit and loss account as stated under S. 335 (2) of CAMA 1990 is to give a true and graceful view of the profit and loss account of the company for the financial year. The minimum information are disclosed in the profit an loss account are disclosed in schedule 2 paragraph 13 of CAMA 1990.Disclosure Requirement For Fund/Cash Flow Statement Statement of Accounting Standard (SAS) 2 defined a gold flow statement as a statement which provides information on the derivation and utilization of funds during the period covered by the financial a statement. A funds flow statement show the movement in net current assets of a company Companies are required by law under S. 335(3) of CAMA 1990 to prepare and publish such statements and to give a detailed information on the various sources of funds on its disposition during the accounting period covered. 4.Operation in the oil and Gas companies are refining which is simply the breaking down of the hydrocarbon mixture of crude oil into useful petroleum products. This is done through distillation cracking, reforming and extracti on process these operations can be subdivided into i. Crude oil acquisition, ii. Crude oil storage iii. Processing iv. Blending v. Finished products stages Oil and gas companies are affected by periodic changes for depreciation depletion and amortization (DD &A) of costs relating to expenditures for the acquisition and development of new oil and natural gas reserves.They include the depreciation of certain long lived operating equipment, the depletion of costs relating to the acquisition of property or properly mineral rights, and other amortization of tangible non drilling cost incurred with developing the reserves. The periodic depreciation, depletion and amortization expense charged to the income statement is determined by the unit of production method in which the percent of total production for theNote to the account does not become necessary if the balance sheet profit and lost account provides fitting disclose in the accounts to give a true and fair view of the companys st ate of affairs and the profit and loss position. This is however contained in S. 335 (7) of the CAMA 1990 which states as follows if the balance sheet or profit and loss account drawn up in accordance with these requirements would not provide sufficient information to comply with subsection (2) of this section, any necessary additional information shall be provided in that balance sheet or profit and loss account or in a note to the accounts.Total production for the period to total proven reserves are the beginning of the period is applied to the make total of cost capitalized on the eternal sleep Sheet. Depletion is the means of expending the cost incurred in acquiring and developing oil and gas using unit of production method. Depletion rate per barrel is completed as- Capitalized Cost / outputDepletion expense is computed as- Depletion Rate x No of Out-put Produced Accounting treatment of cost SE FC Acquisition Capitalized Capitalized Geolog & Geophy Expense Capitalized Explorating dry hole Expense Capitalized Development Dry hole Capitalized Capitalized Production cost Expense Expense Expense is associated with income statement, capitalization is associated with Balance sheet extract. References J. Vitalome , Accounting for Differences in Oil and Gas Accounting,http//www. investopedia. com S. Abubakar (2007), Lecture Note Oil and Gas Accounting Department of Accounting Faculty of Administration Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. federal Government of Nigeria (1990), Company and Allied Matters Act, Lagos Government Printers NASB(1985), Information to be Disclosed in Financial Statement, Statement of Accounting Standard 2

Education: College and Recharge Academic Battery Essay

Taking a year off after finishing form six before approaching further tertiary cultivation has been a much debated issue over the past few years. While several(prenominal) see it as an opportunity for the school leavers to know more close to the world, there is another party that says it will be time wasted if the school leavers end up with push through planning anything during the time. After all, the school leavers still take a shit to put their consideration on this issue. target 1Recharge academic battery After spending a quarter of life as a student, it is a take a chance for the school leavers to take a break off. -Taking a year off before returning to school will provide you the chance to approach the next phase of your education with a fresh start and renewed vigor while staving off academic burnout. -During that time, they push aside also cave in some preparation on the further tertiary education by conducting an exhaustive college or university search. Point 2Decisi on time Take a year off will allow school leavers to decide on their major. -They can obtain an internship in the area that they are interested in studying, or in the career field they would like to pursue. -This will help them brings practical, real-world experience into their tertiary education, and it can get them some career contacts to contact after you graduate.Point 3A chance to mature before entering tertiary education-Perfection is acquired through error and trial.-After the school leavers walked out from the school, they will undergo much hardship in the reality just to know themselves in the shape of perfection. -At the same time, they can learn to be mature by sorting things out around them. -By taking this opportunity, the environment in the society can help in building up their self confidence.Point 4Earn some money-School leavers can earn extra money to help defray their upcoming college or university costs and expenditure in college or university. -Work experience ca n provide them with soft skills, such as interpersonal, communication and leadership skills which is typically lacking in our previous education. This is able to add a valuable fling to the resume which will help them when they enter the work force after earning their degree.Taking a year off from school can be a disaster without a proper plan. Therefore, the school leavers have to think long and hard about how they are going to spend their time. They have to ensure that their closing will bring a unique contribution to their future lives.

Frederick Douglass

The American Slave In Sharon McElwees literary epitome of Frederic Douglass literary piece, The Narrative of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, Sharon breaks down the different underlying elements in Douglass story that profit it so outstanding. Frederick Douglass is famous for his speech given during a time where bondage was still considered acceptable and was use up by most wealthy white. Slavery was not viewed as cruel, still a valuable ancestry that could earn them m maveny. Although Douglass was not alone, his speech stands out among the others who were fighting for their uninvolveddom.Sharon first notices the use of repetition that Douglass uses in his work. She claims that this shank of repetition allows the reader to focus primarily on the content, or message, preferably than the literary structure that may sometimes be distracting. Douglass left little style for the imagination and do sure to reiterate and suck exactly what he was sa ying. She gathers from his works that Douglass wanted to get one briny point across that thraldom is dehumanizing and an unfair practice that should be done a trend with.Because Douglass mentioned these two things many times, the reader is able to sincerely connect with the purpose of Douglass argument. Douglass would use paroles with negative connotation repeatedly throughout his descriptions to help express the fact that nothing good was to be associated with slavery. Sharon even notes that each judgment of conviction has a shape that Douglass utilise to help eliminate any outside thought. Before the semicolon, the first word of each section is the, the present moment word is an adjective that ends in -er, the third word is either he or she, depending on the subject, and the final examination word of each section is a verb ending in -ed.This formula makes for easy reading, and again puts the emphasis on the act, allowing the reader to feel they atomic number 18 watchi ng this event gallop in front of them and are able to create their own image instead of some make up, un realistic image that represents a false meaning. Sharon believes that Douglass strongest point throughout his entire work was the incident of the unsophisticated slave being whipped by his slave master for no reason. Sympathy always helps the reader to feel more(prenominal) connected and emotionally involved with the piece. Douglass describes how an innocent slave is beaten for every action he made, no matter if it was effective or wrong.This also is made even more powerful by a continuation of repetition throughout his description. Sharon sees strength in Douglass writing when he describes the beauty of freedom as a glorious resurrection from the tomb of slavery to the heaven of freedom. During this time, the dominant religious belief was Christianity, therefore Douglass made a phantasmal connection with the majority of his readers by making biblical references to the p leasance of being a free man. Although Sharon sees that Douglass, who is a Christian himself, hates any Christian who owns slaves.Douglass does a good hypothesise of hiding this fact from his readers collectable to his knowledge that a vast majority of his audience would indeed be slave owning Christians. Sharon agrees that Douglass is regarded as one of the greatest anti-slavery works ever written in American history. with his use of repetition, his emotional and spiritual connection, and his confidence, Douglass was able to get people thinking about right and wrong. His quick writing made it egest and easy for the reader to fully understand his message, leaving no room for doubt about the way Douglass feels about what is going on around him.No fancy tricks, no crazy words, just degenerate and to the point. The reader gets a up-close and personal look at the unfair treatment of slaves and is allowed to fully understand wherefore slavery should be abolished. I agree with eve rything that Sharon mentioned in her critique. I would stimulate liked for her to focus more on Frederic Douglass himself and really dig deep into the kind of person he was. I believe, as a reader, that if I felt more acquainted with Frederic I would have connected with her analysis even more. But, Sharon stuck to her rent out and did a critique on the literary piece and not the springFrederick DouglassThe American Slave In Sharon McElwees literary analysis of Frederic Douglass literary piece, The Narrative of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, by Frederick Douglass, Sharon breaks down the different key elements in Douglass story that make it so outstanding. Frederick Douglass is famous for his speech given during a time where slavery was still considered acceptable and was used by most wealthy white. Slavery was not viewed as cruel, but a valuable business that could earn them money. Although Douglass was not alone, his speech stands out among the others who were fighting fo r their freedom.Sharon first notices the use of repetition that Douglass uses in his work. She claims that this theme of repetition allows the reader to focus primarily on the content, or message, rather than the literary structure that may sometimes be distracting. Douglass left little room for the imagination and made sure to reiterate and describe exactly what he was saying. She gathers from his works that Douglass wanted to get one main point across that slavery is dehumanizing and an unfair practice that should be done away with.Because Douglass mentioned these two things numerous times, the reader is able to really connect with the purpose of Douglass argument. Douglass would use words with negative connotation repeatedly throughout his descriptions to help emphasize the fact that nothing good was to be associated with slavery. Sharon even notes that each sentence has a formula that Douglass used to help eliminate any outside thought. Before the semicolon, the first word of ea ch section is the, the second word is an adjective that ends in -er, the third word is either he or she, depending on the subject, and the final word of each section is a verb ending in -ed.This formula makes for easy reading, and again puts the emphasis on the act, allowing the reader to feel they are watching this event unfold in front of them and are able to create their own image instead of some made up, un realistic image that represents a false meaning. Sharon believes that Douglass strongest point throughout his entire work was the incident of the innocent slave being whipped by his slave master for no reason. Sympathy always helps the reader to feel more connected and emotionally involved with the piece. Douglass describes how an innocent slave is beaten for every action he made, no matter if it was right or wrong.This also is made even more powerful by a continuation of repetition throughout his description. Sharon sees strength in Douglass writing when he describes the bea uty of freedom as a glorious resurrection from the tomb of slavery to the heaven of freedom. During this time, the dominant religion was Christianity, therefore Douglass made a spiritual connection with the majority of his readers by making biblical references to the joy of being a free man. Although Sharon sees that Douglass, who is a Christian himself, hates any Christian who owns slaves.Douglass does a good job of hiding this fact from his readers due to his knowledge that a vast majority of his audience would indeed be slave owning Christians. Sharon agrees that Douglass is regarded as one of the greatest anti-slavery works ever written in American history. Through his use of repetition, his emotional and spiritual connection, and his confidence, Douglass was able to get people thinking about right and wrong. His clever writing made it clear and easy for the reader to fully understand his message, leaving no room for doubt about the way Douglass feels about what is going on aro und him.No fancy tricks, no crazy words, just quick and to the point. The reader gets a up-close and personal look at the unfair treatment of slaves and is allowed to fully understand why slavery should be abolished. I agree with everything that Sharon mentioned in her critique. I would have liked for her to focus more on Frederic Douglass himself and really dig deep into the kind of person he was. I believe, as a reader, that if I felt more acquainted with Frederic I would have connected with her analysis even more. But, Sharon stuck to her job and did a critique on the literary piece and not the author

Act III Scene II Consider the dramatic significance of this episode in the play

As an audience, we can foresee the sinister turn of events which will be pronounced by the appearance of presume John in the latter part of this scene. Having earlier witnessed the deceitful and calumniatory plot conjured up between he and Borachio during their discussion, implementation of the plan seems imminent. And yet the descent from the comedy of benedick trying to pass off his slam-sickness as toothache to the threatened tragedy of Heros slander is perhaps farther more rapid than we might have anticipated.The earlier jovial mockery of Benedick by wear out Pedro, Leonato and Claudio provides a striking contrast with the underlying malice of the deliberately ambiguous and disparaging remarks from enter John. barely such ambiguity seduces Claudio and assume Pedro in a remarkably similar way to the double meanings and ingratiation which deceived Benedick earlier on. Don John demonstrates an ability to manipulate his language in a self-made bid to influence and target t he weaknesses of his audience that is, Claudio and Don Pedro. He has a shrewd understanding of the court of law and his insinuations about Hero play upon the tensions within it relating to honour and status.Don John opens with a customary courtly greeting in the lead baiting two men with his declaration that he has something of interest to reveal concerning them both If your leisure served, I would speak with you / yet Count Claudio may hear for what I would speak of concerns him. I know not that, when he knows what I know.With their curiosity secured, Don Pedro conveys a rather convoluted resolution of regret and remorse for the bad news he is about to impart, You may think I love you not let that appear hereafter and when combined with his fallacious self-deprecation, we observe further his dexterity as their sympathy and trust is won.As he continues with his tacit allegations, Don John engrosss a loose and indefinite disparagement disloyal which would imply a certain relu ctance to accuse Hero, yet his following remark The rallying cry is too good to paint out her wickedness incites the other men to affix their own condemnation of her. A dramatic irony here ensures the audiences perception of this as a further ruse whilst for the seemingly nave and gullible Claudio and Don John, it makes the hurried offer of immediate visual evidence irresistible Go barely with me tonight, you shall see her chamber-window entered, a crude vaginal symbol is used to further offend the newly enamoured Claudio, who in his youthful inexperience has believed in his betrotheds virginity.Their melodramatic exclamations in response to this, one after another, serve to designate ironically how they, who tricked Benedick, have been no less suddenly transformed. Claudio asks rhetorically May this be so? and vows if it is, should not marry her tomorrow in the congregation, where I should wed, there I will shame her. The marked use of sibilants serves to emphasise his fury, sug gesting suspicion and fear to be the other side of Claudios idealisation and the aggressive denunciation may arise from a personal insecurity urging him to make such a pledge.In Messina inner relations are complicated by conventions and illusions, Claudio has already tried and found Hero guilty before even witnessing the evidence. Such a rash conviction is reminiscent of his earlier behaviour during the masked egg in Act II Scene I which gave us foresight of Claudios impulsive and fickle characteristics, a man so easily influenced by the hearsay from Don John and his own irrationality and mistrust in women. Though it is easy to criticise and condemn Claudio for such tenuous judgements, one must not send packing Messinaa patriarchal society and the sense of superiority to women which regulated masculine loyalties.Such loyalty is evident in Don Pedro, who when informed of Heros alleged infidelity, endorses Claudios vengeance by offering to join with thee to disgrace her. Such is Do n Pedros influence and arrogance that Claudio offers to accompany his departure from Messina on the wedding day. We must now question Don Pedros willingness to join Claudios slandering of Hero which not only seems cowardly but most absurd having himself been the accused by the kindred source of indictment his rebel brother, the bastard Don John.Whilst for an audience of the twenty-first century this continued trustful behaviour might seem somewhat contrived, we must consider that Don John, a melodramatically sketched, stereotyped villain, serves a thematic and narrative function. His role is principally to expose the flaws within others, namely his brother Don Pedro and Claudio and highlight the shared immorality in his companions Conrade and Borachio as well as present themes of slander, noting, jealousy, honour, illusion and reality. Since the study complication of the play arises from Claudios denunciation of Hero on the basis of Don Johns trickery, and in fact thusly nothin g at all, the use of such a villain as a dramatic device is crucial.Whilst only a brief episode in the play the significance of the latter part of this scene is rife to future events. The timing of the episode is most significant as Shakespeare distinguishes misunderstanding and misreport from deliberate and malicious deceit. We recrudesce ourselves for a potentially tragic consequence yet with the benefit of dramatic irony, remain optimistic that as the title suggests, this will again prove to be much ado about nothing.

Barack Obama`S Speech Analysis

groundwork The aim of this paper is to examine the strategies of President Barack Obama, and its ideological component, in any case why Barack Obama use exact quarrel and how strong is the influence. The topic has been studied before by Juraj Horvath (2010),Jana Langrova(2010) and Junling Wang(2010). Therefore, the goal of the conducted stress paper is to find pop which of the political atomic number 18 apply more often in the savoir-faire of Barack Obama, and what does it mean. The enabling objectives to get the research goal are the following ) To read and analyze the secondary sources on the research topic 2) To stash the empirical entropy 3) To implement the necessary research method 4) To create a table, showing the nearly frequent terms. The hypothesis is that convinced political terms are employ more often in the speech of Barack Obama than other terms. The research methods of research applied in the content Library research the study of the secondary sources on the research theme. Quantitative empirical research method corpus-based valued research.The main research method applied in the study was quantitative frequency outline. Chapter 1 is devoted to the secondary sources analysis on the research topic. Chapter 2 explains the research methodology applied in the study. Chapter 3 presents the research results and discussion on finding. Appendix contains the table presenting the most frequently utilize terms. Analysis of Secondary Sources (The Literature Review) Chapter I presents the literature connected with analysis of Barack Obamas speeches.The power and influence of Barack Obama speeches are discussed in this text excessively his expressed ideology and its manipulations are mentioned then. Opinions and thoughts of Juraj Horvath Critical Discourse Analysis of Obamas Political Discourse and Jana Langrova political orientation in Obamas Prague Speech in the Mirror of Discourse Analysis (2010) are presented and compared in Chapter I . Juraj Horvath used quantitative method to write his analysis, and when he counted all the words, what he were interested in, he expressed the ideas, which are in truth remarkable. parvenu, which characterizes the strategy and ideas of the newbornly sworn president and his administration, this extract is about Barack Obamas often used word new. Juraj Horvaths opinion about the use of this word is very enkindle. He considers that the fact of using the word new, so often as Barack Obama does, shows his ideological aspects and promptitude for the innovations. Jana Langrova looked for the rhyme, speed and phonetic features of Barack Obamas speech, but her conclusion and thoughts are very similair to Juraj Horvath.Jana Langrova considered that his speech employs rhyme, repetition and stress. He also stresses the word new in his speeches very often, and Jana Langrova noticed it. There is new energy to harness, new jobs to be created, new schools to built,-these are Barack Obamas words which were analyzed by two people. To summarize, Chapter I deals with the secondary sources concerned with previous analysis of the speeches of Barack Obama. Methodology This Chapter II leave alone deal with the methodology used in this research.First the research method will be presented and then the research procedure will be described step by step. There are many methods to analyze the text, but theme of chosen paper will be analyzed by quantitative method. Quantitative research is used mainly in social sciences such as political science. Qualitative methods construct information just on the particular cases studied, and any more main conclusions are only hypotheses. Quantitative methods may be used to verify, which hypotheses are true.Advocates of quantitative methods dispute that only by use of such methods can the social sciences give way truly scientific, also advocates of qualitative methods argue that quantitative methods tend to obscure the reality of the public pheno mena downstairs the study, because they abandon the non-measurable issues, which could be the most valuable. In this paper the author was used to gather quantitative data to deal with information connected with numbers and anything that is measurable. Statistics, tables and graphs will be presented as the results of these methods in appendix.The following chapter will be devoted to giving the results. Findings and Discussion The world of linguistics has been affected he and stimulated by Barack Obamas individuality. Many new words have been created. Obamania, is linking with the passion and obsession he has been accepted and kick upstairs by many. Barack Obamas ideology and philosophy have been referred to as one of the most confusing and voiceless ideologies to analyze. In the speech of Barack Obama the strong religious content ideas can be put in, for deterrent example 1) Thank you. beau ideal bless you.And God bless the United States of America. 2) This is the source of ou r confidence the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. 3) on the horizon and Gods grase upon us, we carried forth that great gift of independence and delivered it safely to future generations. 4) the God given promise that all are equal, all are unembellished and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. That fact that he also uses the direct and indirect speeches from Bible can all help Barack Obama to win the supporting of audience.The fact, which was very interesting to find out was that Barack Obama uses the words we, Americans, each of us, all, our very often to his speech(1), and from the psychological establish of view it is made to create a close relationship between the president an his honorable audience. ( From Barack Obamas inaugural speech quantitative analysis) In order to arrive at a more quantitative result of this analysis, a keyword analysis of the most frequently used words and nuances in Obamas speech gave the following findings.His speech consisted of 2403 words, and the pronoun we was repeated 62 times. It was the most frequently used word by Barack Obama,for example 1) we must work together 2) we are bound by shared values 3) we will seek to include all nuclear weapons 4) we believe 5) we cannot succeed 6) we know the path 7) we have to insist too it is important to mention that it was very interesting to found that Barack Obama uses biblical language and quotations, non-traditional speech, and his position shows his liberal take over of him, what could be found in each speech of Barack Obama.Finally, the most important part, what I have found in his speeches is that Obama want to create a new nation which will be free from the state of war or other drear influence, and also he tries to get away from the old partisan divisions and looks for to be perceived as being above ideology. His thoughts and ideology about the better future without any bad elements in it show the hidden mea ning of his ideas and promisses, which is logically followed from his ideas new is always better, and for him the best nation is new = free nation.